One of our Patent Applications for this disclosure can be viewed at WIPO IP Portal. The carotid artery, being void of reflections, is thus an ideal location to non-invasively monitor the performance of the heart's ejected stroke volume and energy, but also the performance of the aortic and mitral heart valves, such as their regurgitation volumes and their associated impacts on left ventricle ejected volumes and energies. Not only does the arterial pulse excite a wake of trailing pressure and suction waves in the systemic circulation, but it also occurs in the pulmonary circulation, and, to a much lesser degree, in the venous system. Therefore, the concept of a carotid pressure augmentation index is incorrect, as there is no such pressure augmentation in the carotid artery. If you non-invasively monitor a subject's left radial artery for two states, at rest and vasodilated, you can show conclusively that the pulse trailing pressure and suctions waves are not due to reflections. However, due to limitations of WIA, they incorrectly determined the traveling directions of these waves, and, even today, they are still misidentified as reflections. The arterial pulse trailing pressure and suction waves were first observed some fifteen years ago by Wave Intensity Analysis (WIA) reseachers in the carotid, brachial and radial arteries.
We first disclosed this in May, 2018 in a Patent Application, which can be viewed through the WIPO IP Portal. One of our engineers with a geomechanics/geophysics background assisted us in identifying the arterial pulse excited wake of high frequency, highly dispersive shear waves some years ago. Geophysics literature has known this since the early 1960's, as a Stoneley wave propagating in a 'slow' medium. the pulse is propagating in a 'slow' medium).
The current state of the art does not realize that the propagating arterial pulse excites a wake of high frequency, highly dispersive shear waves that produce pressure and suction waves trailing the arterial pulse (i.e.
We discovered that the carotid artery does not have any wave reflections, which is contrary to all of the current literature (i.e.
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